Secure protocol for peer-to-peer network

ABSTRACT

A wireless computing device operating as a controller of a peer-to-peer group configured to generate unique master keys for each device joining the group. The wireless computing device may use the unique master keys to selectively remove remote devices from the group such that the remote device cannot later rejoin the group. Other remote devices, each possessing a master key that remains valid, can disconnect from the group and later reconnect to the group without express user action. To support such behavior, the wireless device may provide a user interface through which a user may manage connected remote devices by providing commands to selectively disconnect or remove remote devices from the group.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/970,159, filed Dec. 16, 2010, entitled “SECURE PROTOCOL FORPEER-TO-PEER NETWORK,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,382, issued Feb. 3, 2015. The entirety of this afore-mentioned application is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Many computers today have radios to support wireless communication.Wireless communication is used, for example, to connect to an accesspoint of a network. By associating with the access point, a wirelesscomputer can access devices on the network or on other networksreachable through that network, such as the Internet. As a result, thewireless computer can exchange data with many other devices, enablingmany useful functions.

To enable computers to be configured for association with an accesspoint, it is common for the access points to operate according to astandard. A common standard for devices that connect to access points iscalled Wi-Fi. This standard was promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance, andis widely used in portable computers. There are multiple versions ofthis standard, but any of them can be used to support connectionsthrough access points.

Wireless communications may also be used to form connections directly toother devices without using an access point. These connections aresometimes called “peer-to-peer” connections and may be used, forexample, to allow a computer to connect to a mouse or keyboardwirelessly. More generally, peer-to-peer connections may be used toestablish a group of devices of any type that may communicate withoutrequiring an infrastructure. Wireless communications for these directconnections also have been standardized. A common standard for suchwireless communications is called BLUETOOTH®.

In some instances, a wireless computer may concurrently connect to otherdevices through an access point and as part of a group engaging inpeer-to-peer communications. To support such concurrent communication,some computers have multiple radios. More recently a standard has beenproposed, called Wi-Fi Direct, that enables both an infrastructureconnection and communication as part of a peer-to-peer group withsimilar wireless communications that can be processed with a singleradio. This standard, also published by the Wi-Fi Alliance, extends thepopular Wi-Fi communications standard for infrastructure-basedcommunications to support direct connections.

Equipping computing devices to support direct connections is expected toexpand the scenarios in which a wireless computing device can connect toother wireless devices. For example, computer users working together maymore readily form a group that allows the users to share data withoutrequiring any specific infrastructure. Similarly, a computer may morereadily connect wirelessly to a printer, camera or devices providingother desired services.

SUMMARY

Secure communications are achieved, with very low user burden, in apeer-to-peer group by configuring a device, capable of operating as acontroller of the peer-to-peer group, to provide unique master keys foreach remote device that joins the group. The group controller mayselectively remove one or more remote devices from the group byselectively invalidating the master keys for the devices to be removed.Other remote devices may continue on in the peer-to-peer group withoutdisruption or a need to re-form the group.

Upon removal of a device from the group, the group controller, inaddition to invalidating a master key associated with the device, mayinvalidate other keys generated from the master key. If the removeddevice attempts to further communicate as part of the group, itscommunications will not be recognized because the group controller doesnot have a key that will decrypt those communications. If the removeddevice attempts to re-join the group, the group controller will notrecognize the master key used by that remote device. When anunrecognized device attempts to join the group without a recognizedmaster key, the group controller may deny access, require user input ortake other security actions.

However, remote devices that retain their master keys may continue on inthe group. Such devices may even disconnect from the group and, usingtheir master keys that remain valid, reconnect with the group.

The foregoing is a non-limiting summary of the invention, which isdefined by the attached claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In thedrawings, each identical or nearly identical component that isillustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. Forpurposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in everydrawing. In the drawings:

FIG. 1A is a sketch of an illustrative peer-to-peer group at a firsttime;

FIG. 1B is a sketch of an illustrative peer-to-peer group at a secondtime when a device has been removed from the group;

FIG. 1C is a sketch of a graphical user interface through which a usermay input a command to remove a device from a peer-to-peer group;

FIG. 2 is a high level bock diagram of an illustrative computing devicethat may serve as a group controller of the group of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of componentswithin the computing device of FIG. 2 that control interactions withremote devices in the group;

FIG. 4A is a schematic representation of an illustrative embodiment ofthe key store of FIG. 3;

FIG. 4B is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of thekey store of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 5A and 5B, when connected at the points labeled A, form a flowchart of an illustrative method of operation of a computing devicecontrolling a peer-to-peer group; and

FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of an illustrative computing devicein which embodiments of the invention may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have recognized and appreciated a need for enhancedsecurity in peer-to-peer groups. As peer-to-peer groups become moreprevalent and are formed with protocols, such as the Wi-Fi Directprotocol, that are more powerful, usage patterns may create subtlesecurity issues. However, it is undesirable for enhancing security tointerfere with ease of use of peer-to-peer groups. Accordingly, theinventors have recognized and appreciated techniques to address securityissues without significant impact on a user.

Security may be enhanced in a peer-to-peer group by equipping a devicecapable of acting as a controller for the group to generate a uniquemaster key for each remote device connecting to the group. Thecontrolling device may be further configured to selectively invalidate amaster key for a device to be removed from the group, thereby preventingthe removed device from later reconnecting to the group and possiblyaccessing data that a user of the removed device is not intended to viewor creating other security issues. Other remote devices, for which amaster key remains valid, can remain in the peer-to-peer group and evenmay disconnect and later reconnect in the group.

Such a controlling device may be readily implemented using knowntechniques for implementing a device controlling a peer-to-peer group,with modifications to support the generation, distribution and selectiveinvalidation of unique master keys and to support selection of theappropriate unique master key for authentication of remote devices. Acomponent to provide a user interface through which a user may controlthe selective invalidation of master keys may be included. However, eachremote device may receive and use its unique master key in aconventional way such that enhanced security may be provided even withremote devices having conventional configurations.

As an example of how a subtle security issue may arise usingconventional peer-to-peer techniques, FIG. 1 illustrates a peer-to-peergroup formed in accordance with a peer-to-peer protocol. Such apeer-to-peer protocol may allow multiple wireless devices to connectwithout requiring any infrastructure.

In the example of FIG. 1A, five devices have joined in a group 110A inaccordance with the protocol. One device, in this example device 120,serves as a controller for the group. The controller may performfunctions that allow other wireless devices to join the group. Thosefunctions may include, for example, provisioning each device in thegroup with a group address, such that information may be routed to thedevice. Additionally, the group controller may provision other wirelessdevices in the group with security information that allows those devicesto be authenticated as they join or re-join the group. Further, thesecurity information may be used to encrypt communications between thedevice controlling the group and other devices in the group.

Any suitable device may control a group. In the embodiment illustratedin FIG. 1A, device 120 is a general purpose computing device, such as alaptop computer. Such a device may be readily configured to performcontrol operations as described herein. For example, such a computingdevice may be configured to perform operations associated with thecontrol of a peer-to-peer group by appropriately configuringcommunication software in the computing device. Though, it should beappreciated that the form of computing device that controls the group isnot critical to the invention. To the contrary, in accordance with somepeer-to-peer protocols, including the Wi-Fi Direct protocol, the devicethat controls a group may be identified by a negotiation among thedevices seeking to form a group such that any suitably equipped devicemay act as the group controller.

In the example of FIG. 1, remote devices 132, 134, 136 and 140 havejoined in group 110A with computing device 120. As a result ofnegotiation among those devices in accordance with a peer-to-peerprotocol, or based on any other suitable selection criteria, computingdevice 120 has been determined to be the controller of group 110A andremote devices 132, 134, 136 and 140 have been determined to be clients.Accordingly, computing device 120 has provisioned each of the remotedevices 132, 134, 136 and 140 with an address and keys for communicationwith computing device 120 as part of peer-to-peer group 110A. Theformation and operation of group 110A maybe performed in accordance witha known standard or in any other suitable way.

As an example, computing device 120 may generate a master key for eachof the remote devices 132, 134, 136 and 140. Conventionally, the samemaster key is provided to each of the devices that is admitted to group110A. The master key may be distributed to each device authorized tojoin group 110A using a protocol that uses cryptographic techniques toavoid unauthorized entities from obtaining the master key. An example ofsuch cryptographic techniques are reflected in a protocol called Wi-Fiprotected setup (WPS). In that protocol, a user may input into computingdevice 120 a PIN or other identifying information for a remote device.Input of that information may signify to computing device 120 that aremote device is authorized by the user to join group 110A if the remotedevice similarly can demonstrate that it has a copy of the identifyinginformation.

Input of a PIN or other identifying information provides computingdevice 120 with information shared with a remote device that is notobtainable by other devices in the vicinity. Accordingly, thisinformation may be used in encrypting communications exchanged betweencomputing device 120 and a remote device seeking to join network 110A.Through use of cryptographic techniques based on this information,computing device 120 may securely communicate the master key for group110A to a remote device authorized to join group 110A.

Once a remote device has the master key for group 110A, the remotedevice can enter into a further exchange with computing device 120 togenerate a transient key. Though the same master key is conventionallyused for each of the remote devices in a group, a different transientkey may be generated for each device. This transient key may then beused to encrypt and decrypt communications exchanged between the remotedevice for which the transient key was generated and computing device120 acting as the controller for group 110A.

The exchange between computing device 120 and a remote device by which atransient key is generated may be performed according to any suitableprotocol. An example of a suitable protocol is the Wi-Fi ProtectedAccess (WPA2) protocol. An exchange of messages in accordance with thisprotocol, in addition to generating a transient key for a remote device,may also be used to authenticate that a device has the master key forthe group.

Accordingly, a device that temporarily is disconnected from group 110Amay re-join the group without further user authentication. Such acapability, may be particularly useful for groups involving portableelectronic devices. Because peer-to-peer networking is generallyperformed with low power communications, when mobile devices are moved,sometimes as little as 10 or 50 feet, the devices forming the group maylose the ability to communicate. However, when the devices are broughtback into proximity, a user may intend that the devices reconnect tore-form the group. In order to re-form the group, a remote device withthe group master key may exchange communications with the device actingas the group controller in accordance with the WPA2 protocol, or otherprotocol used by the group, such that the remote device with the masterkey is authenticated to the device acting as the group controller and anew transient key is generated for that device.

The Applicants have recognized and appreciated that this flexibility toform and later re-form a group, though desirable in some scenarios, maybe undesirable in other scenarios. FIG. 1A illustrates a scenario inwhich computing device 120, acting as a controller for group 110A is inclose proximity to remote devices 132, 134 and 136. These remotedevices, may represent other devices used by a user of computing device120. For example, remote device 132 may be a Smartphone. Remote device134 may be a camera, and remote device 136 may be a printer. The user ofcomputing device 120 may intend that computing device 120 re-form agroup including any or all of remote devices 132, 134 and 136 whenevercomputing device 120 is moved to be near those remote devices. In thisway, for example, a user of computing device 120 may be able to print onthe printer, represented as remote device 136. Similarly, the user maybe able to upload pictures from the camera represented as remote device134 or synchronize contact information with the Smartphone, representedas remote device 132.

So long as the user of computing device 120 controls the remote devices,little security risk is posed by allowing a group to be reformed withoutfurther user action. However, if a user of computing device 120 allowsanother remote device to join the group, even if that remote device isdisconnected from the group, it may re-join the group at any time, whichmay not be a behavior expected or desired by a user of computing device120.

For example, a user of computing device 120 may authorize remote device140, representing another portable computing device, to join group 110A.Such authentication may be given to temporarily allow a user ofcomputing device 140 to use device 136 to print a document or to accessanother of the remote devices in group 110A. Such authorization may begiven to allow the user of computing device 140 to exchange a file orsome other limited amount information with computing device 120. Though,once these actions are complete, particularly if remote device isdisconnected from group 110A, a user of computing device 120 may neitherexpect nor want remote device 140 to rejoin group 110A.

The ability of a remote device to join a group without userauthorization may pose a security issue in some circumstances. Asecurity issue may be posed, for example, if a third party operatingremote device 140 can access information on computing device 120 orother remote devices within group 110A. Moreover, a security issue mayarise if remote device 140 can access information on other deviceswithin group 110A. Further, a security issue may arise if remote device140 can, through computing device 120 access services from computingdevice 120 or other remote devices in group 110A. As a specific example,the Wi-Fi Direct protocol allows a computing device, such as computingdevice 120 to be a member of a peer-to-peer group while being connectedto an infrastructure network, such as may exist in an enterprise. If athird party using remote device 140 can access other networks to whichcomputing device 120 is connected, security issues may be compounded.

With a conventional implementation of a peer-to-peer group in which eachremote device obtains a copy of a master key for the group, removing aremote device from the group, if a user of computing device 120 is evenaware of the need to completely remove the device, would entaildisbanding the group and forming a new peer-to-peer group. FIG. 1B showsthat a new group 110B has been formed including remote devices 132, 134and 136, but excluding remote device 140. Such a group may be formed byrepeating the group formation steps, including obtaining userauthorization to admit each of the devices 132, 134 and 136 into thegroup.

The applicants have recognized and appreciated that making a new groupin order to remove a remote device may be undesirable for a user.Accordingly, in some embodiments, computing device 120 or other devicethat may act as a group controller may be configured such that a remotedevice may be removed from a group. A device that is removed from thegroup may not be able to re-join the group without reauthorization froma user.

As an example, computing device 120 may be configured with componentsthat represent a graphical user interface through which a user may inputa command to remove a remote device from a group. FIG. 1C shows agraphical user interface 150 through which a user may input such acommand.

In the example of FIG. 1C, the user interface 150 may be a portion of auser interface presented by a device manager component executing withinthe operating system of computing device 120. Such a user interface maybe presented in response to user input indicating a desire to providecommands related to devices installed in or coupled to computing device120. Through such a device manager interface, the user may select adisplay area 160 relating to managing wireless devices in a groupinvolving computing device 120.

In the embodiment illustrated, each of the devices actively in the group110A is illustrated in display area 160 by an icon. In this example,icon 162 represents remote device 132. Icon 164 represents remote device134. Icon 166 represents remote device 136. Icon 170 represents remotedevice 140. Additionally, display area 160 contains an icon 168.

Icon 168 is shown in a fashion that is visually distinct from the icons162, 164, 166 and 170. The different visual presentation of icon 168 mayrepresent that a device corresponding to icon 168 is not activelyconnected in the group 110A at the time display area 160 was rendered.In this example, icon 168 is shown grayed-out and appears in phantom.Though, any suitable representation of a device that is not activelyconnected in the group may be used. In this example, a grayed-out iconrepresents a device that has been given the master key for group 110Aand could re-join group 110A at a later time.

FIG. 1C illustrates that, through user interface 150, a user may enter acommand that may place a device in a disconnected state. For example, auser, through manipulation of a mouse or other human interface device,may select an icon. In response to such a selection, computing device120 may present a menu, allowing a user to input a command controllingthe connection of the selected device. In the state illustrated in FIG.1C, a user has selected icon 170 corresponding to remote device 140. Inresponse, computing device 120 has presented menu 180. Menu 180contains, in this example, options for selecting one of multiplecommands. In this example, an option to select between two commands,commands 182 and 184, is shown.

Command 182 corresponds to a disconnect command. Upon user selection ofdisconnect command 182, computing device 120 may take action thatprecludes remote device 140 from communicating as part of group 110A.That action, for example, may include invalidating a transient key usedby remote device 140 to encrypt or decrypt information exchanged withcomputing device 120. Invalidation of this transient key, though ittemporarily precludes remote device 140 from participating in group110A, does not preclude remote device 140 from re-joining the group.Specifically, the remote device may use the master key it has previouslyobtained to re-join the group and receive a new transient key to replacethe transient key invalidated in response to user selection ofdisconnect command 182.

To preclude remote device 140 from re-joining group 110A, a user mayselect from menu 180 command 184. Command 184 is a remove command. Uponselection of remove command 184, computing device 120 may instead of orin addition to invalidating the transient key generated for remotedevice 140, invalidate the master key used by remote device 140.

In conventional systems in which all remote devices joined in a groupare provided with the same master key, invalidating the master key forremote device 140 would invalidate the master key for all remote devicesin group 110A. Accordingly, removing a device would requirere-establishing a group 110B (FIG. 1B) for the remote devices that theuser desires to remain joined in the group. Re-forming the group entailsexecuting a key generation and distribution protocol, such as the WPSprotocol, for each of the devices. The WPA2 protocol, or other protocolused for the peer-to-peer group, would also have to be repeated. Becausethe WPS protocol requires user interaction, forming a new group 110B maybe undesirable.

To avoid requiring a user to form a new group as a way to exclude aremoved device from re-joining the group, in some embodiments, computingdevice 120 may be configured to provide a unique master key for eachremote device that joins group 110A. Unique master keys may be generatedfor each device by repeating the key generation protocol for eachdevice. Thereafter, when a remote device seeks to authenticate to thecomputing device 120, the computing device 120 may access theappropriate master key for the device. That unique master key could thenbe used to authenticate the device and generate a transient key for thedevice. Thereafter, communication between computing device 120 and theremote device could be performed as in a conventional peer-to-peerprotocol until an event is encountered that triggers computing device120 to remove a remote device from the group. Such a triggering event,for example, may be a user selecting command 184 (FIG. 1C).

Regardless of an event triggering removal of a device from a group, inresponse to such an event, computing device 120 could invalidate themaster key assigned to the device to be removed. Invalidating a masterkey for a remote device precludes that remote device from re-joining agroup. However, because all of the other remote devices that are joinedin group 110A may have unique master keys, invalidating the master keyfor remote device 140 does not impact the validity of the master keysassigned to other devices, such as remote device 132, 134 and 136.Accordingly, those remote devices are not impacted by the removal ofremote device 140.

Computing device 120 may be configured in any suitable way to provideunique master keys for each remote device that joins in a groupaccording to a peer-to-peer protocol. FIG. 2 is an example of anarchitecture for a computing device 210, which may represent anembodiment of a computing device, such as computing device 120, that mayact as a controller for a peer-to-peer group.

FIG. 2 illustrates, at a high level, an architecture for computingdevice 210 that may be operated to transmit and/or receive informationas part of exchanges with remote devices joined in a peer-to-peer group.In the example of FIG. 2, computing device 210 includes a radio 250.Radio 250 may be adapted to send and receive wireless communications.Radio 250, for example, may be used for wireless communication in afrequency spectrum that is above 2 GHz and below 6 GHz. Such frequenciesare appropriate for communication in accordance with a Wi-Fi Directprotocol. Though, it should be appreciated that any suitable spectrumand any suitable protocol may be used.

In the example of FIG. 2, an application 220 is illustrated. Application220 may generate information for wireless transmission or may processinformation received wirelessly. In the embodiment illustrated, thatinformation may be sent to or received from one or more remote devicesjoined in a peer-to-peer group. Accordingly, application 220 mayrepresent any suitable application that generates or processesinformation exchanged in a peer-to-peer group. It may, for example, bean application for processing photographs or a word processingapplication that generates text for printing. Though, in some instances,application 220 may perform any suitable actions, including actions thatconnect or disconnect from devices in a peer-to-peer group. As anexample, in some embodiments, action described as being done by a usermay done indirectly by the user by initiating execution of application220.

In the example of FIG. 2, application 220 interfaces with operatingsystem 230. In some embodiments, operating system 230 may be a generalpurpose operating system, such as the WINDOWS® operating system. Such aconfiguration may be desirable when computing device 210 executesapplications other than application 220. Though, in embodiments in whichcomputing device 210 is configured specifically for communication aspart of a peer-to-peer group, operating system 230 may have more limitedfunctionality.

Regardless of whether operating system 230 is a special purpose orgeneral purpose operating system, in the embodiment illustrated, afunction of operating system 230 is to provide services that facilitatewireless transmission and reception of information processed byapplication 220. For transmission, operating system 230 may receive arequest from application 220 to establish a connection with a nearbydevice. Thereafter, operating system 230 may receive from application220 a stream of data representing audio/video content to be transmittedover that connection. Such a connection may be formed using techniquesas are known in the art. In the illustrated example, that connection maybe a direct, device-to-device connection. Though any suitable techniquemay be used.

In the embodiment illustrated, operating system 230 includes a networkstack 262. Network stack 262 may perform functions as are known in theart for wireless communication, including successively formatting datafrom application 220 in accordance with different protocol layers usedas part of the wireless communication. Network stack 262 may perform areverse operation on received information by successively checkingcompliance with various protocol layers and removing header and otherinformation added in accordance with those protocol layers to recoverdata intended for use by application 220. Such processing may beperformed using techniques as are known in the art.

To send and receive data, stack 262 may interact with one or moreradios, of which radio 250 is illustrated. Radio 250 may be controlledthrough software, represented as driver 240 in FIG. 2. Here, driver 240includes an interface 242 through which operating system 230 may issuecommands to driver 240 and through which driver 240 may report statusand notify operating system 230 of received data. Interface 242 may beimplemented in any suitable way, including according to a knownstandard. An example of such a known standard is called NDIS, but thatstandard is not critical to the invention.

Interface 242 may support a number of commands in a format that does notdepend on the construction of radio 250. These commands may includecommands to configure radio 250 for transmission at certain frequenciesor to use certain modulation schemes or error control coding for symbolsto be transmitted. Additionally, through interface 242, driver 240 mayreceive data for transmission by radio 250.

Regardless of the specific commands, driver 240 may translate thecommands, in the standardized format of interface 242, into specificcontrol signals that are applied to radio 250. Additionally, driver 240may be programmed to perform certain low level functions associated witha wireless connection. For example, upon receipt of a packet, driver 240may check that the packet is properly formatted. If the packet isproperly formatted, driver 240 may control radio 250 to generate anacknowledgement. Conversely, if the packet is not properly formatted,driver 240 may control radio 250 to transmit a negative acknowledgement.

Though driver 240, and in some instances radio 250, may automaticallyperform low level functions associated with establishing and maintaininga wireless connection, higher level functions may be performed undercontrol of operating system 230 or applications 220. In someembodiments, an application 220 or operating system 230 may provide auser interface such that ultimate control of wireless communication isprovided by a user of computing device 210.

The architecture illustrated in FIG. 2 may be modified in any suitableway to configure computing device 210 to issue, use and selectivelyinvalidate a unique master key for each device joining a peer-to-peergroup. For example, components to control such operation of computingdevice 210 may be incorporated within application 220, operating system230 or within driver 240. In some embodiments, some or all of thefunctions of a controller may be implemented in radio 250. Accordingly,the specific components configured for implementation of the controllerfunctions are not critical to the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a controller 310 that may be incorporated into anysuitable portion of the architecture of computing device 210. Controller310, for example, may be incorporated into operating system 230. As aspecific example, controller 310 may be incorporated into network stack262. Though, it should be appreciated that it is not a requirement thatall of the components of controller 310 be implemented in a singleportion of the architecture of computing device 210. The components ofcontroller 310, for example, may be distributed across multiplecomponents.

In the example illustrated, controller 310 includes interfaces 312, 314and 316, which are configured for connecting to portions of stack 262where frames representing wireless communication in accordance with apeer-to-peer protocol may be diverted to controller 310 and where suchframes may be passed to stack 262 for wireless transmission. In theembodiment illustrated, each of the interfaces 312, 314 and 316 may beintegrated into stack 262 such that frames in accordance with thepeer-to-peer protocol implemented by computing device 210 may passbetween controller 310 and stack 262. Though three interfaces areillustrated, it should be appreciated that any number of interfaces maybe provided. For example, a single interface may be provided or morethan three interfaces may be provided to accommodate different types ofinteractions between controller 310 and stack 262. Moreover, it shouldbe appreciated the form of these interfaces is not critical to theinvention and the specific form of the interfaces may depend on theimplementation of controller 310. For example, the interfaces may beimplemented as defined application programming interfaces (APIs) andcontroller 310 may be implemented in way that it makes calls on theinterfaces. Though, it other embodiments, interfaces 312, 314 and 316may be any other form of connection.

FIG. 3 illustrates that controller 310 may be implemented with multiplecomponents. FIG. 3 may represent a software architecture for controller310, with each of the designated components being implemented as aseparate module, such as a dynamically linked library. Though, thespecific structure of each component is not critical to the inventionand any suitable structure may be used in implementing the functionalityof controller 310.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3, controller 310 includes a keysetup component 320. Key setup component 320 may control interactionswith a remote device during a setup phase for the device in whichcontroller 310 and the remote device each arrive at the same uniquemaster key for the remote device.

Setup component 320 may interact with the remote device in any suitableway. As one example, setup component 320 may interact via interface 312and stack 262 such that frames that constitute exchanges of messagesbetween computing device 210 and a remote device, may pass to setupcomponent 320 for processing or may be generated by setup component 320for transmission to the remote device. The specific message that passthrough interface 312 for processing by setup component 320 may dependon the protocol used for the peer-to-peer group being formed. As oneexample, these messages may be formatted as management frames defined bythe peer-to-peer protocol. One or more of these frames may includeinformation elements indicating a request or a response to a requestthat is not expressly provided for in the protocol.

For example, an initial message may indicate a request from a remotedevice to obtain a master key for use in joining or communicating withinthe group. Other messages may include responses by which such a key isgenerated.

In response to such message, key setup component 320 may determinewhether the remote device is authorized to receive a master key. Keysetup component 320 may determine if a remote device is authorized inpart based on an exchange of messages with the remote device. Key setupcomponent 320 may access additional authentication information todetermine whether the remote device is authorized to receive a masterkey.

Those additional sources of authentication information may includeinteraction with a user. Such interactions may be performed through userinterface component 350 or in any other suitable way. In someembodiments, for example, key setup component 320 may, through userinterface 350, prompt a user to provide a PIN or other suitableidentification code associated with an authorized remote device. Keysetup component 320 may use this identification code to verify whethermessages received from the remote device were generated using the sameidentification code. Though, it should be appreciated that the specificsource of the authentication information is not critical to theinvention and it need not be provided directly by a user through a userinterface. As an example of an alternative source of such authenticatinginformation, computing device 210 may maintain a store (not shown) ofPIN numbers for authorized devices, which key setup component 320 mayaccess when receiving a request for a master key from a device seekingto join a peer-to-peer group.

The specific messages processed by key setup component 320 are notcritical to the invention. In some embodiments, key setup component 320may be configured to implement the Wi-Fi Protected Setup protocol (WPS)when receiving a request for a master key and communicating the masterkey to the remote device, if the remote device is authorized to receivethe master key.

To obtain a master key, when the remote device is authorized to receiveone, key setup component 320 may interact with key generator 322. Keygenerator 322 may utilize cryptographic techniques to generate a key inresponse to a request from key setup component 320. Key generator 322may operate according to known cryptographic principles and may beimplemented using techniques as are known in the art. However, incontrast to a conventional wireless computing device implementing apeer-to-peer group, key generator 322 and key setup component 320 mayinteract such that a unique master key is generated for each remotedevice requesting to join the group.

Key setup component 320 may record the unique master keys for subsequentuse in authenticating the remote devices. In the example of FIG. 3, keysetup component 320 records master keys in key store 340. Key store 340may represent any suitable computer storage medium on or accessible tocomputing device 210. Key store 340 may be implemented in non-volatilestorage medium, such as a disk drive, and, for example, may be formattedas a file or other data structure maintained by a file management systemon computing device 210. Though, in other embodiments, key store 340 maybe stored in an encrypted format and may have no readily recognizablestructure in the non-volatile storage medium. Accordingly, it should beappreciated that the specific implementation of key store 340 is notcritical to the invention.

Other components within controller 310 may perform other functionsassociated with interactions with one or more remote devices inconnection with a peer-to-peer group, including use and selectiveinvalidation of the master keys in key store 340. For example, FIG. 3shows that controller 310 may also include an authentication andtransient key component 330. Authentication and transient key component330 may interact with a remote device seeking to connect with otherdevices in the peer-to-peer group. Authentication and transient keycomponent may validate that the remote device seeking to connect as amember of the group possesses a valid master key for the group.

Accordingly, authentication and transient key component 330 may interactwith key store 340 to verify that the remote device has access to avalid master key for the group. Upon authenticating a remote device,authentication and transient key component may generate one or moretransient keys for use in encrypting and/or decrypting communicationswith the remote device. As part of generating the transient key.Authentication and transient key component 330 may interact with theremote device. Accordingly, authentication and transient key component330 is shown having an interface 314, which may connect to stack 262(FIG. 2) or other suitable component that allows authentication andtransient key component 330 to exchange messages with the remote device.

The exchanged messages allow the remote device to generate transient keyor keys that match the keys generated by authentication and transientkey component 330. In this way, authentication and transient keycomponent 330 may provide a transient key or keys to the remote device.

Authentication and transient key component 330 may interact with theremote device using messages appropriate for the peer to peer protocolused in forming the group. In some embodiments, authentication andtransient key component 330 may implement a four way hand shake inaccordance with the WPA2 protocol and may therefore be implemented usingtechniques as are known in the art. However, in contrast to aconventional computing device serving as a controller for a peer-to-peergroup, authentication and transient key component 330 may access keystore 340 to obtain the unique device key for the remote deviceattempting to connect to the peer-to-peer group.

Authentication and transient key component 330 may retrieve the uniquemaster key applicable to the remote device in any suitable way. Forexample, FIG. 4A illustrates a possible organization of data maintainedin key store 340, which may allow authentication in transient keycomponent 330 to obtain the appropriate unique master key for the remotedevice. In the example of FIG. 4A, a data set 410 represents informationin key store 340 for the set of remote devices for which unique masterkeys have been generated. In this example, each remote device isrepresented by a record in data set 410. In FIG. 4A four record, 412A,412B, 412C and 412D are illustrated, each of the records 412A . . . 412Dcorresponds to a remote device.

In this example, each of the records has the same format. Taking record412A as illustrated, the record contains multiple fields. In thisexample, three fields, fields 420, 422 and 424 are shown. Field 422stores a value indicating the master key for a remote device associatedwith record 412A. Field 420 contains a value that may be used toidentify the remote device. In this example, Field 420 stores a valuerepresenting a Media Access Control (MAC) address for the remote device.In accordance with some peer-to-peer protocols, the MAC address of adevice sending or intended to receive a frame is incorporated into theframe. Accordingly, key setup component 320 may have access to the MACaddress of a remote device at the time it generates a unique master keyfor the device. When key setup component 320 generates a unique masterkey and writes a record to key store 340, it may include in that recorda value of the MAC address for the remote device. Authentication andtransient key component 330 may similarly receive a MAC address for aremote device in conjunction with messages from a remote device seekingto be authenticated as part of connecting in the peer-to-peer group.Accordingly, authentication and transient key component 330 may identifyan appropriate master key for a remote device by comparing a MAC addressreceived from the remote device with a MAC address stored in data set410.

Though, other mechanisms are possible. For example, FIG. 4B illustratesan alternative embodiment of a data set 450 that may constitute keystore 340. Data set 450, in this example, contains a structure similarto that of data set 410. Multiple records 452A, 452B, 452C and 452D areillustrated. Each such record may correspond with a remote device forwhich a master key has been generated. Taking record 452 as illustrated,each record may include fields such as fields 460, 462 and 464. Field460 may contain a value of the master key. In this example, fields 462and 464 do not contain identification information comparable to that infield 420 (FIG. 4A). Rather, fields 462 and 464 contain information thatmay be used in other operations. For example, field 462 may contain avalue defining a time at which the master key was generated. Suchinformation, for example, may be used in an embodiment in which keystime out or devices otherwise are removed from a group after somethreshold period of time. Field 464 may contain information useful, forexample, in rendering a user interface such as user interface 150. Field464, for example, may contain a code or other description of the devicefor which the master key was generated. Such information may be used byuser interface component 350 to select icons to use in interface 150.

In this example, data set 450 does not include MAC addresses or otherdirect identification of the remote devices. Nonetheless, authenticationand transient key component 330 may use data set 450 to determinewhether the remote device requesting authentication has a valid masterkey.

As part of the protocol applied by authentication and transient keycomponent 330 to determine whether a remote device as a valid key,authentication and transient key component 330 performs a cryptographicfunction on a block of data sent by the remote device. In accordancewith the protocol used by authentication and transient key component330, the remote device is expected to encrypt with a valid master key ablock of data having a value known by authentication and transient keycomponent 330. Authentication and transient key component 330authenticates the remote device if it can decrypt a block of datareceived from the remote device to generate that known value.Accordingly, even if authentication and transient key component 330 doesnot know the specific master key used by the remote device, if any ofthe master keys in data set 450 can be used to decrypt the receivedblock of data in order to generate the expected value, authenticationand transient key component 330 may conclude that the remote device hasaccess to a valid master key, thereby authenticating the remote device.

Accordingly, in embodiments in which a specific identifier for theremote device is not stored in data set 450, authentication andtransient key component 330 may identify the appropriate master key bytesting multiple master keys in the data set until a master key can beused to appropriate decrypt the block of data is identified. That masterkey can thereafter be used in the generation of a transient key for theremote device.

Regardless of the manner in which authentication and transient keycomponent 330 identifies the appropriate master key for the devicerequesting connection to the peer-to-peer group, once the appropriatemaster key is identified, authentication and transient key component 330may use the master key to provide a transient key to the remote devicefor connection to the peer-to-peer group.

FIG. 3 illustrates that controller 310 includes a group owner controlcomponent 360. Group owner control component 360 may perform operationsas are known in the art for a computing device operating as a controllerfor a peer-to-peer group. In the embodiment illustrated, device 210 maybe programmed to operate in accordance with the Wi-Fi Direct protocol.In that protocol, devices forming a group may exchange messages by whichone of the devices is identified as a group owner. The group ownerperforms control functions for the group, including provisioning devicesthat form part of the group such that the devices may appropriately sendand receive data. In the embodiment illustrated, the group owner alsoparticipates in routing the data between devices that are admitted tothe group. These operations, and any other suitable operations, may beperformed by group owner control component 360.

Operations performed by group owner control component 360 may entailsending and receiving data from one or more of the remote devices thatare connected in the peer-to-peer group. Such data may be communicatedin an encrypted format. Accordingly, group owner control component 360may be coupled to interface 316 through encryption/decryption component362. Interface 316 may couple encryption/decryption component 362 tostack 262 (FIG. 2) or other component of computing device 210 thatfacilitates the transmission and receipt of information exchangeswireless with the remote device.

Group owner control component 360 and encryption/decryption component362 may be implemented in any suitable way, including using componentsas are known in the art. These components may operate such that dataframes or other frames exchanged with a remote device that is connectedin the peer-to-peer group may be encrypted with the transient keygenerated for that remote device. Encryption/decryption component 362may access such a transient key in any a suitable way. For example,authentication and transient key component 330 may generate a key tableor other suitable data structure linking transient keys with addressesused by remote devices to communicate as part of the peer-to-peer group.

As one example, FIG. 4A illustrates that each of the records 412A, 412B,412C and 412D in data set 410 may include a field, such as field 424containing a transient key for the remote device represented by therecord. In this example, a MAC address in field 420 may be used toselected an appropriate record from data set 410 such that a transientkey may be identified for use in encrypting or decrypting data. Though,it is not a requirement that the transient keys be stored in the samedata store as the master keys. In some embodiments, the transient keysmay be stored in volatile memory, for example, such that the transientkeys are not retained if computing device 210 powers down. Also, it isnot a requirement that the transient keys be linked to a MAC address. Insome embodiments, the transient keys may be linked to a group addressassigned to each remote device as it is admitted to the peer-to-peergroup.

Regardless of the manner in which the transient key is identified,encryption/decryption component 362 may use the transient key to encryptand decrypt frames exchanged between group owner control component 360and the remote device. These operations may be performed usingtechniques as are known in the art or in any other suitable way.

FIG. 3 also illustrates that controller 310 may include a user interfacecomponent 350. User interface component 350 may present one or more userinterfaces through which information may be obtained from a user. Forexample, user interface component 350 may present user interface 150(FIG. 1C) to receive user input concerning disconnecting or removing aremote device from a peer-to-peer group. Additionally, user interfacecomponent 350 may interface with a user to obtain information orcommands used by key setup component 320 or other components ofcontroller 310.

User interface component 350 may be implemented using techniques as areknown in the art or in any other suitable way. User interface component350 may be configured to respond to user input in any suitable way. Forexample, in response to user input received through user interface 150indicating that a remote device is to be removed from a peer-to-peergroup, user interface component 350 may modify key store 340 toinvalidate a master key associated with the device to be removed. Userinterface component 350 may invalidate a master key in any suitable way.In some embodiments, user interface component 350 may invalidate a keyeither by deleting from a record associated with the device a value ofthe master key or deleting the entire record. Though, any suitablemechanism signifying that a master key has been invalidated may be used.For example, user interface component 350 may write a value to therecord associated with the master key to indicate that the key has beeninvalidated.

In contrast, in response to user information received through userinterface 150 to disconnect a remote device from a peer-to-peer group,user interface 350 may leave the master key value in key store 340intact. Rather, user interface component may delete transient keys orother data structures used to establish the connection with the remotedevice to be disconnected. But, leaving the master key in key store 340allows the disconnected remote device to reconnect at a later time.

The components illustrated in FIG. 3, or any other suitable components,may interact to control computing device 210 to perform a method ofsecure operation in which remote devices may be selectively removed fromthe group. FIGS. 5A and 5B, when joined at the point labeled A,represent a flow chart of such a method of secure operation.

In the example of FIG. 5A, method 500 begins at block 510 where a remotedevice is discovered. Remote discovery of a device may be performed inany suitable way and may be initiated by either the computing deviceexecuting method 500 or the remote device. Processing at block 510 maybe performed in any suitable way. In the embodiment illustrated, thatprocessing may be performed using techniques specified as part of apeer-to-peer protocol as is known in the art.

For example, processing at block 510 may include sending and/orresponding to management frames. As an example, discovery at block 510may include transmitting a beacon and/or receiving a probe request.Accordingly, the specific actions taken by which a computing deviceidentifies that a remote device desires to engage in peer-to-peercommunication is not critical to the invention. Regardless of the mannerin which the device is identified, processing may proceed to decisionblock 520.

At decision block 520, process 500 may branch, depending on whether theremote device identified at block 510 is known to the computing deviceexecuting process 500. In this example, a device is deemed known when itis a device that has previously been admitted as a member of apeer-to-peer group controlled by the computing device executing process500. If so, process 500 branches from decision block 520 to performsubprocess 550 (FIG. 5B).

In scenarios in which the discovered device is not known, the process500 precedes from decision block 520 to subprocess 522. At subprocess522, the computing device executing process 500 and the remote devicemay exchange further management frames to negotiate a group owner. Thenegotiations performed as part of subprocess 522 may be specified in thepeer-to-peer protocol being used by the devices to form a peer-to-peergroup. Accordingly, subprocess 522 may be performed as known in the art.In this example, the negotiations are performed in accordance with theWi-Fi Direct protocol such that, as a result of the negotiations, one ofthe devices will be identified as the group owner, and will performcontrol functions for the peer-to-peer group.

Upon completion of the negotiations in subprocess 522, the processcontinue to decision block 522. At decision block 522, process 500 maybranch depending on the result of the group owner negotiations conductedin 522.

If the computing device executing process 500 is not selected as thegroup owner, process 500 may branch from decision block 524 tosubprocess 530. In scenarios in which the device executing process 500is not identified as the group owner, no special action on the part ofthe device is necessary in order to receive a unique master key.Accordingly, when the process branches from decision block 524 tosubprocess 530, operations within subprocess 530 may be conventionaloperations as are appropriate for a computing device designated to havethe role of a client device in the peer-to-peer network.

Processing within subprocess 530 may result in the client authenticatingand associating with the device selected as the group owner as a resultof the negotiations conducted in subprocess 522. Additionally,subprocess 530 may include provisioning steps, as in a conventionalpeer-to-peer network. Regardless of the specific steps taken, uponexecution of subprocess 530, the computing device may be equipped forcommunication with the selected group owner. Accordingly, fromsubprocess 530, the process 500 may proceed to subprocess 532 where thecomputing device executing process 500 and the remote device discoveredat block 510 may communicate using techniques as are known in the art.Such communication may continue for any amount of time, but whencommunication is completed, process 500 may end.

Conversely, when, as a result of negotiations in subprocess 522, thecomputing device executing process 500 is identified as the group owner,the process branches from decision block 524 to decision block 540.Processing at decision block 540 may determine, in any suitable way,whether the device discovered at block 510 is authorized to join thegroup being controlled by the device executing process 500. As anexample, user input may be provided indicating whether the device isauthorized.

The input may be in a form that allows cryptographic functions used incommunications with the remote device that can indicate whether thedevice is authorized. For example, the controlling device executingprocess 500 may send a message containing text or a numeric code thatoperates as a challenge phrase. The remote device may encrypt thatchallenge phrase with the PIN or other valued derived fromauthentication information to perform a cryptographic function on thechallenge phrase. The cryptographic function, may involve encryption,digital signing, a hash function or other suitable cryptographicfunction.

Regardless of the specific cryptographic function performed, the remotedevice may then send back to the controlling device the challenge phrasesuitably processed. The controlling device may perform a similaroperation on the challenge phrase based on the authenticationinformation provided by the user. If the processed value generated bythe controlling device matches the value returned by the remote device,the controlling device may deem that the remote device is authorized toconnect to the peer-to-peer group. Though, it should be appreciated thatsuch an exchange of messages based on authentication informationprovided by a user is just one example of an approach that thecontrolling device may use to determine whether the remote device isauthorized to join the group. Regardless of the manner in which theauthorization is validated, if the remote device is not authorized foraccess to the group, the process may branch from decision block 540 tothe end of the process such that the remote device is not granted accessto the peer-to-peer group.

Conversely, if, as a result of processing at decision block 540, thecontrolling device determines that the remote device is authorized tojoin the peer-to-peer group, the process branches from decision block540 to block 542. At block 542, the controlling device may generate andstore a unique master key for the remote device. The master key may begenerated in any suitable way, such as through the use of a randomnumber generator and/or computations involving one or more cryptographicfunctions.

Regardless of the manner in which the master key is generated, process500 may proceed to subprocess 544. At subprocess 544, the master key maybe distributed to the remote device. Subprocess 544 may be performed inany suitable way. In some embodiments, the controlling device may conveythe master key to the remote device using the Wi-Fi protected setupprotocol (WPS).

Regardless of the manner in which the key is distributed, process 500may proceed to subprocess 550 (FIG. 5B). Subprocess 550 may entailauthenticating a device seeking to join the peer-to-peer group. FIG. 5Billustrates that the processing performed within subprocess 550 is thesame, regardless of whether process 500 reaches subprocess 550 fromsubprocess 544, in which the remote device receives a unique master key,or from decision block 520 where it may be determined that the remotedevice already has a master key. Accordingly, subprocess 550 is shownbeginning at block 552 where the controlling device checks whether theremote device has a valid master key. In embodiments in which the remotedevice has just been assigned a master key through subprocess 544, thisprocessing may be bypassed.

In embodiments in which processing is performed at block 552, thecontrolling device may check whether the remote device seeking to jointhe peer-to-peer group has a valid master key through an exchange ofmessages. The exchange of messages, for example, may entail exchanginginformation between the controlling device and the remote device thatallows the controlling device to determine whether the remote device hasperformed a cryptographic function using a valid master key. Such anexchange of communications may be performed according to any suitableprotocol. In some embodiments, subprocess 550 may be performed accordingto a known protocol, such as the WPA2 protocol. In such an embodiment,processing performed at block 552 may be in accordance with thatprotocol, though the specific protocol used is not critical to theinvention.

However, a difference between the processing at block 552 and aconventional process for checking the validity of a master key of aremote device is that, at block 552, the controlling device may selectan appropriate master key that corresponds with the remote device. Themaster key used by the controlling device at block 552 may be selectedin any suitable way. In some embodiments, the controlling device mayaccess a key store, such as key store 340 (FIG. 3) based on anidentifier associated with the remote device. Though, in otherembodiments, the controlling device may sequentially attempt to validatethe master key used by the remote device against each valid master keystored in a key store until the master key applied by the remote devicevalidates against a key in the key store, in which case the key isvalidated, or the controlling device unsuccessfully attempts to validatethe master key used by the remote device against all of the master keysin the key store, in which case the remote device is determined not tohave a valid master key.

Regardless of the technique used to validate the master key at block552, process 500 may continue to decision block 554 where there processmay branch depending on the result of that validation. If, as a resultof processing at block 552, the controlling device determines thatremote device does not have a valid master key, the process may branchfrom decision block 544 to the end of process 500 without the remotedevice being able to connect to the peer-to-peer group.

Conversely, if the remote device is determined to have a valid masterkey, the process may continue from decision block 554 to block 556. Atblock 556, the controlling device may generate one or more transientkeys that may be distributed to the remote device. A transient keygenerated at block 556 may enable communication between the remotedevice and the controlling device. If multiple transient keys aregenerated, for example, one transient key may be used with thecontrolling device and the additional keys may be used for communicationwith other devices in the peer-to-peer group.

The transient keys may be generated in any suitable way. In anembodiment in which subprocess 550 is performed in accordance with theWPA2 protocol, processing at block 556 may be performed in accordancewith that protocol. Though, any suitable mechanism may be used togenerate transient keys and distribute those transient keys to theremote device.

Regardless of the number of transient keys generated at block 556 theymay be stored at block 558 for future use in encrypting or decryptingcommunications with the remote device.

Process 500 may then continue to subprocess 560. During subprocess 560,the controlling device and the remote device may communicate using thetransient keys generated at block 556. Subprocess 560 may include anysuitable steps. In the example illustrated, processing within subprocess560 begins with block 562. At block 562, the controlling device mayencrypt data for transmission to the remote device using a transient keygenerated at block 556. The specific data to be transmitted to theremote device is not critical to the invention and may depend on thenature of both the remote device and the controlling device. Moreover,the manner in which the transient key is used to encrypt data at block562 also is not critical to the invention. Encryption may provideconfidentiality, authentication or integrity or some combination ofthose functions.

Regardless of how and why data is encrypted with the transient key, atblock 564, the encrypted data may be transmitted to the remote device atblock 564. Transmission of encrypted data at block 564 may be performedin any suitable way. Though, embodiments in which the peer-to-peer groupis formed in accordance with a standard protocol, transmission at block564 may be in accordance with the standard protocol. In the embodimentillustrated, the communication subprocess 560 may also include receivingdata from the remote device. In this scenario, the received data mayalso be encrypted using the transient keys generated and transmitted tothe remote device at block 556. Accordingly, data received at block 566may be encrypted with the transient key for the remote device.

At block 568, the controlling device may decrypt the received data, alsousing the transient key. The received data may then be used within thecontrolling device. The specific use of the data is not critical to theinvention and the data may be put to any suitable use.

Process 500 may then continue to decision block 570. At decision block570, the process may branch, depending on whether a trigger event hasbeen detected that indicates that the remote device should be removedfrom the peer-to-peer group. An example of a trigger advice may be userinput. As a specific example, a user may select command 184 (FIG. 1C)from a user interface on the controlling device. Though, any othersuitable event may serve as a trigger. For example, FIG. 4B illustratesthat records in a data set 450 containing information about remotedevices may include a time value, such as the time value illustrated infield 462. In some embodiments, a suitable trigger for removing a remotedevice from a peer-to-peer group may be passage of a predeterminedamount of time. That time may be determined, for example, from a valuein field 462.

Regardless of the specific trigger event, if the trigger event isdetected, process 500 branches from decision block 570 to block 572. Atblock 572, the controlling device may invalidate the master keyassociated with the remote device. Processing at block 572 may beperformed in any suitable way. In some embodiments, a master key may beinvalidated by deleting it from a key store, such as key store 340.Though, in other embodiments, the key may be invalidated by setting aflag in a record associated with the key or in any other suitable way.

Following invalidation of the master key at block 572, process 500 maycontinue to block 582 where transient keys associated with the remotedevice may also be invalidated, such as by deletion. Following deletionof the transient keys, process 500 may end. When processing arrives atthe end after having passed through blocks 572 and 582, the remotedevice will be unable to further communicate as in subprocess 560because it will not have transient keys to encrypt and decrypt data.Further, the remote device will be unable to re-establish communicationby repeating subprocess 550 to establish transient keys that can be usedfor communication. If the remote device seeks to re-establishcommunication, it will be forced to pass through decision block 540where it must be reauthorized to obtain a new master key.

Though, FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate other sequences of steps throughwhich processing may arrive at the end of process 500. For example, ifat decision block 570, no indication to remove the remote device isreceived, processing may proceed to decision block 580. At decisionblock 580, process 500 may branch, depending on whether communicationshave been completed. If not, processing may loop back where some or allof subprocess 560 may be repeated.

Conversely, if communications are completed, the process may branch fromdecision block 580 to block 582. At block 582, transient keys assignedto the remote device may be deleted, and then process 500 may end. Inscenarios in which processing reaches the end without execution of block572, the remote device may retain a valid master key. Though the remotedevice may lack transient keys because they were deleted at block 582,the remote device may nonetheless resume communication as part of thepeer-to-peer group without further express user authorization. Forexample, if at a later time, the remote device attempts to re-establishcommunication, processing may branch through decision block 520 directlyto subprocess 550 where, because the remote device retains a validmaster key, the remote device may receive new transient keys. In thisway, process 500 illustrates an approach by which a master key for aremote device that is part of a peer-to-peer group may be selectivelyremoved.

Though FIGS. 5A and 5B depict interactions between a controlling deviceand a single remote device, it should be appreciated that process 500may be repeated for each of multiple remote devices forming apeer-to-peer group. Processing for each of the remote devices may beindependent. Accordingly, selective invalidation of a master key for oneremote device does not impact the validity of the master keys held byother remote devices. Accordingly, a remote device may be selectivelyremoved in accordance with the process of FIGS. 5A and 5B. Though, itshould be appreciated that FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate an exemplaryprocess and any suitable processing may be used to selectively removeone or more remote devices from a peer-to-peer group.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a suitable computing system environment600 on which the invention may be implemented. The computing systemenvironment 600 is only one example of a suitable computing environmentand is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use orfunctionality of the invention. Neither should the computing environment600 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating toany one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplaryoperating environment 600.

The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose orspecial purpose computing system environments or configurations.Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/orconfigurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include,but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-heldor laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems,set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environmentsthat include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

The computing environment may execute computer-executable instructions,such as program modules. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Theinvention may also be practiced in distributed computing environmentswhere tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linkedthrough a communications network. In a distributed computingenvironment, program modules may be located in both local and remotecomputer storage media including memory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 6, an exemplary system for implementing theinvention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of acomputer 610. Components of computer 610 may include, but are notlimited to, a processing unit 620, a system memory 630, and a system bus621 that couples various system components including the system memoryto the processing unit 620. The system bus 621 may be any of severaltypes of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, aperipheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of busarchitectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architecturesinclude Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro ChannelArchitecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video ElectronicsStandards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.

Computer 610 typically includes a variety of computer readable media.Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessedby computer 610 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media,removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and notlimitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage mediaand communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatileand nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in anymethod or technology for storage of information such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM,EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can accessed by computer 610. Communication media typicallyembodies computer readable instructions, data structures, programmodules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier waveor other transport mechanism and includes any information deliverymedia.

The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more ofits characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encodeinformation in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation,communication media includes wired media such as a wired network ordirect-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF,infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the aboveshould also be included within the scope of computer readable media.

The system memory 630 includes computer storage media in the form ofvolatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 631and random access memory (RAM) 632. A basic input/output system 633(BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer informationbetween elements within computer 610, such as during start-up, istypically stored in ROM 631. RAM 632 typically contains data and/orprogram modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presentlybeing operated on by processing unit 620. By way of example, and notlimitation, FIG. 6 illustrates operating system 634, applicationprograms 635, other program modules 636, and program data 637.

The computer 610 may also include other removable/non-removable,volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,FIG. 6 illustrates a hard disk drive 640 that reads from or writes tonon-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 651that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 652,and an optical disk drive 655 that reads from or writes to a removable,nonvolatile optical disk 656 such as a CD ROM or other optical media.Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storagemedia that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include,but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards,digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solidstate ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 641 is typically connectedto the system bus 621 through an non-removable memory interface such asinterface 640, and magnetic disk drive 651 and optical disk drive 655are typically connected to the system bus 621 by a removable memoryinterface, such as interface 650.

The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed aboveand illustrated in FIG. 6, provide storage of computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules and other data for thecomputer 610. In FIG. 6, for example, hard disk drive 641 is illustratedas storing operating system 644, application programs 645, other programmodules 646, and program data 647. Note that these components can eitherbe the same as or different from operating system 634, applicationprograms 635, other program modules 636, and program data 637. Operatingsystem 644, application programs 645, other program modules 646, andprogram data 647 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, ata minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands andinformation into the computer 610 through input devices such as akeyboard 662 and pointing device 661, commonly referred to as a mouse,trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include amicrophone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like.These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit620 through a user input interface 660 that is coupled to the systembus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such asa parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor691 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus621 via an interface, such as a video interface 690. In addition to themonitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices suchas speakers 697 and printer 696, which may be connected through a outputperipheral interface 695.

The computer 610 may operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer680. The remote computer 680 may be a personal computer, a server, arouter, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, andtypically includes many or all of the elements described above relativeto the computer 610, although only a memory storage device 681 has beenillustrated in FIG. 6. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 6include a local area network (LAN) 671 and a wide area network (WAN)673, but may also include other networks. Such networking environmentsare commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranetsand the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 610 is connectedto the LAN 671 through a network interface or adapter 670. When used ina WAN networking environment, the computer 610 typically includes amodem 672 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN673, such as the Internet. The modem 672, which may be internal orexternal, may be connected to the system bus 621 via the user inputinterface 660, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 610, orportions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. Byway of example, and not limitation, FIG. 6 illustrates remoteapplication programs 685 as residing on memory device 681. It will beappreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and othermeans of establishing a communications link between the computers may beused.

Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of thisinvention, it is to be appreciated that various alterations,modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled inthe art.

Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to bepart of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit andscope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description anddrawings are by way of example only.

The above-described embodiments of the present invention can beimplemented in any of numerous ways. For example, the embodiments may beimplemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. Whenimplemented in software, the software code can be executed on anysuitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in asingle computer or distributed among multiple computers. Such processorsmay be implemented as integrated circuits, with one or more processorsin an integrated circuit component. Though, a processor may beimplemented using circuitry in any suitable format.

Further, it should be appreciated that a computer may be embodied in anyof a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktopcomputer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, acomputer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as acomputer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a PersonalDigital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable orfixed electronic device.

Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. Thesedevices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface.Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interfaceinclude printers or display screens for visual presentation of outputand speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentationof output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a userinterface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touchpads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receiveinput information through speech recognition or in other audible format.

Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in anysuitable form, including as a local area network or a wide area network,such as an enterprise network or the Internet. Such networks may bebased on any suitable technology and may operate according to anysuitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks orfiber optic networks.

Also, the various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded assoftware that is executable on one or more processors that employ anyone of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, suchsoftware may be written using any of a number of suitable programminglanguages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may becompiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code thatis executed on a framework or virtual machine.

In this respect, the invention may be embodied as a computer readablestorage medium (or multiple computer readable media) (e.g., a computermemory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs (CD), optical discs,digital video disks (DVD), magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuitconfigurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductordevices, or other non-transitory, tangible computer storage medium)encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or morecomputers or other processors, perform methods that implement thevarious embodiments of the invention discussed above. The computerreadable storage medium or media can be transportable, such that theprogram or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or moredifferent computers or other processors to implement various aspects ofthe present invention as discussed above. As used herein, the term“non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” encompasses only acomputer-readable medium that can be considered to be a manufacture(i.e., article of manufacture) or a machine. Alternatively oradditionally, the invention may be embodied as a computer readablemedium other than a computer-readable storage medium, such as apropagating signal.

The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense torefer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executableinstructions that can be employed to program a computer or otherprocessor to implement various aspects of the present invention asdiscussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that accordingto one aspect of this embodiment, one or more computer programs thatwhen executed perform methods of the present invention need not resideon a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modularfashion amongst a number of different computers or processors toimplement various aspects of the present invention.

Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as programmodules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally,program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, datastructures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modulesmay be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in anysuitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may beshown to have fields that are related through location in the datastructure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigningstorage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium thatconveys relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanismmay be used to establish a relationship between information in fields ofa data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or othermechanisms that establish relationship between data elements.

Various aspects of the present invention may be used alone, incombination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussedin the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore notlimited in its application to the details and arrangement of componentsset forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings.For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in anymanner with aspects described in other embodiments.

Also, the invention may be embodied as a method, of which an example hasbeen provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be orderedin any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed inwhich acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, whichmay include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown assequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in theclaims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote anypriority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or thetemporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are usedmerely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain namefrom another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinalterm) to distinguish the claim elements.

Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” andvariations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listedthereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of managing wireless communications, themethod comprising: operating a wireless computing device as acontrolling member of a peer-to-peer group, including: providing amaster key to each of multiple remote devices, wherein the individualmaster key for each specific remote device of the multiple remotedevices is different than the master key for every other remote deviceof the multiple remote devices; determining whether a master key of afirst remote device that is attempting to join the peer-to-peer group isvalid; and in response to determining that the master key of the firstremote device is valid, generating a transient key for the first remotedevice based on the master key of the first remote device.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein operating the wireless computing device as thecontrolling member of the peer-to-peer group further includes: removingthe first remote device from the peer-to-peer group, including:invalidating the master key of the first remote device; and invalidatingthe transient key generated for the first remote device.
 3. The methodof claim 2, wherein operating the wireless computing device as thecontrolling member of the peer-to-peer group further includes: afterinvalidating the master key of the first remote device and invalidatingthe transient key generated for the first remote device, exchanging datawith another remote device that is a member of the peer-to-peer group.4. The method of claim 2, wherein: operating the wireless computingdevice as the controlling member of the peer-to-peer group furtherincludes: storing the master key of the first remote device in a keystore; and invalidating the master key of the first remote devicecomprises: deleting the master key of the first remote device from thekey store.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein: operating the wirelesscomputing device as the controlling member of the peer-to-peer groupfurther includes: receiving a user request to remove the first remotedevice from the peer-to-peer group; and the invalidating of the masterkey of the first remote device is in response to the user request. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein operating the wireless computing deviceas the controlling member of the peer-to-peer group further includes:performing a group owner negotiation with the first remote device. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein operating the wireless computing deviceas the controlling member of the peer-to-peer group further includes: ata first time, disconnecting the first remote device from thepeer-to-peer group; and at a second time, reconnecting the first remotedevice to the peer-to-peer group, the reconnecting comprising:authenticating the first remote device based on the master key of thefirst remote device; and generating another transient key based on themaster key of the first remote device.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining whether the master key of a first remote device that isattempting to join the peer-to-peer group is valid includes: processinga message received from the first remote device with a key stored in adata store.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether themaster key of a first remote device that is attempting to join thepeer-to-peer group is valid includes: performing a handshake inaccordance with a Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) protocol.
 10. At leastone computer readable storage medium comprising a memory, or a disk,storing computer executable instructions for performing operations tomanage a peer-to-peer wireless network, the operations comprising:operating a first wireless device as a controller for the peer-to-peerwireless network, including: issuing an individual master key to each ofmultiple other wireless devices, wherein the individual master keyissued to each of the other multiple wireless devices is different thanthe individual master key for every other wireless device of themultiple other wireless devices; determining whether a master keytransmitted to the first wireless device by a second wireless device inassociation with an attempt by the second wireless device to join thepeer-to-peer wireless network is valid; and in response to determiningthat the master key transmitted to the first wireless device by thesecond wireless device is valid, issuing a transient key for thepeer-to-peer wireless network to the second wireless device.
 11. The atleast one computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein thetransient key is based on the individual master key issued to the secondwireless device.
 12. The at least one computer readable storage mediumof claim 10, wherein operating the wireless computing device as thecontroller for the peer-to-peer wireless network further includes:removing the second wireless device from the peer-to-peer wirelessnetwork, including: invalidating the master key for the second wirelessdevice; and invalidating the transient key issued to the second wirelessdevice.
 13. The at least one computer readable storage medium of claim12, wherein: operating the wireless computing device as the controllerfor the peer-to-peer wireless network further includes: receiving a userrequest to remove the second wireless device from the peer-to-peerwireless network; and the invalidating of the master key for the secondwireless device is in response to the user request.
 14. The at least onecomputer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein operating thewireless computing device as the controller for the peer-to-peerwireless network further includes: at a first time, disconnecting thesecond wireless device from the peer-to-peer wireless network; and at asecond time, reconnecting the second wireless device to the peer-to-peerwireless network, including: authenticating the second wireless devicebased on a master key transmitted to the first wireless device by asecond wireless device in association with an attempt by the secondwireless device to reconnect to the peer-to-peer wireless network; andissuing another transient key for the peer-to-peer wireless network tothe second wireless device.
 15. The at least one computer readablestorage medium of claim 10, wherein determining whether the master keytransmitted to the first wireless device by the second wireless deviceis valid includes: performing a process in accordance with a Wi-FiProtected Access (WPA2) protocol.
 16. A computing device comprising: aradio; at least one processor; and computer storage medium storingcomputer-executable instructions for execution on the at least onprocessor, the computer-executable instructions for causing thecomputing device to: operate the computing device as a group owner of apeer-to-peer group of multiple remote devices; control the peer-to-peergroup in accordance with a peer-to-peer protocol; exchange encrypteddata with a particular remote device in the peer-to-peer group, theencrypted data being encrypted for decryption by the particular remotedevice with a transient key generated for that particular remote device;perform a key generation process for each of the multiple remotedevices, the key generation process comprising, for each remote deviceof the multiple remote devices: generating an individualized master keyfor that remote device; and storing the master key for that remotedevice in a key store; determine validity of a master key presented by aremote device attempting to join the peer-to-peer group; and generate atransient key for the remote device attempting to join the peer-to-peergroup if the master key presented by that remote device is determined tobe valid.
 17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the instructionsare also for causing the computing device to generate the transient keyfor the remote device according to a Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2)process.
 18. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the instructionsare also for causing the computing device to selectively invalidate themaster key for one of the multiple remote devices without invalidatingthe master key for another of the multiple remote devices.
 19. Thecomputing device of claim 18, wherein invalidation of the master key forthe one of the multiple remote devices removes the one of the multipleremote devices from the peer-to-peer group.
 20. The computing device ofclaim 16, wherein: the instructions are also for causing the computingdevice to invalidate the transient key for the remote device withoutinvalidating a transient key for another remote device; and invalidationof the transient key for the remote device disconnects the remote devicefrom the peer-to-peer group.